Likelihood of confusion: When the USPTO determines that two
trademarks would cause confusion with one another, they issue a “likelihood of
confusion” refusal. Applicants may respond by making appropriate legal arguments
contending that the two trademarks are not so similar as to be confusing.
Descriptiveness: If a trademark describes the goods or services
that it represents, it is descriptive. The USPTO will refuse to register a
descriptive trademark on the Principal Trademark Register but may register the
mark on the Supplemental Trademark Register.
Merely ornamental: If you use the trademark as a decoration and
not as a brand, the USPTO deems such use as “merely ornamental.” The USPTO
refuses to register merely ornamental trademarks.
Specimen Refusal: If a trademark specimen does not show proper
trademark usage, the application gets refused. To solve this problem, submit a
trademark specimen that shows adequate usage of the trademark.
Surname Refusal: The USPTO might take issue if the proposed
trademark is mainly a last name. This is called a “surname refusal.”
Disclaimer: If a trademark contains a common word, such as
“incorporated” or “studios,” the USPTO will want the applicant to disclaim that
word. Disclaiming the word means that the applicant does not assert rights to
that particular word. However, this decision must be considered carefully.
Class Refusal: If you file your trademark application in the
wrong trademark class (or your application requires additional trademark
classes), you will need to fi that.
There are many more reasons that the USPTO issues trademark Office Actions, but
this list shows the most common causes.